Chapter - 1 Introduction to Computers

Software computer programs ka collection hota hai jo computer ko batata hai ki kya kaam karna hai aur kaise karna hai .

Software ko broadly System Software aur Application Software me divide kiya jaata hai.

System Software → Utility Software → Application Software

1. System Software

System Software computer ke internal functioning ko control karta hai. Ye input devices se data lena, output screen par dikhana, files manage karna aur system shutdown jaise kaam karta hai.

Ye software usually low-level languages me likha jaata hai taaki hardware ke saath directly interact kar sake.

a) Operating System (OS)

Operating System computer ka main control program hota hai. Ye user aur hardware ke beech interface provide karta hai.

OS ke main kaam hote hain: file management, memory management, process management, input/output handling aur peripheral devices control karna.

Examples: Windows, Linux, Unix, iOS, MS-DOS, OS/400

b) Language Processor

Language Processor ek translator hota hai jo high-level language ko machine language (0 aur 1) me convert karta hai.

Ye zaroori hota hai kyunki computer sirf machine language hi samajhta hai.

Types of Language Processor:

Assembler: Assembly language → Machine language

Compiler: Poora program ek saath convert karta hai
Example: C, C++ Compiler

Interpreter: Line-by-line convert aur execute karta hai
Example: Python Interpreter

c) Device Drivers

Device Drivers operating system aur hardware devices ke beech communication karvate hain.

Ye OS ke commands ko device-specific commands me convert karte hain.

Example: Printer Driver, Display Driver

2. Utility Software

Utility Software computer ko maintain, secure aur efficient banane ke liye use hota hai.

Ye computer resources ko manage karta hai aur system ko user-friendly banata hai.

Common Utility Software:

File Management: Files aur folders manage karta hai
Examples: FileCommander, Directory Opus

Antivirus: Virus aur malware se protection
Examples: Norton, McAfee, Quick Heal

Disk Defragmenter: Disk performance improve karta hai

Backup Utility: Data backup aur restore karta hai
Examples: Google Drive, OneDrive

Encryption / Decryption: Data ko secure banata hai
Examples: VeraCrypt, LastPass

Compression Utility: File size reduce karta hai
Examples: WinZip, RAR

3. Application Software

Application Software user ke specific tasks perform karne ke liye banaya jaata hai.

Types of Application Software:

General Purpose Software: Daily common tasks ke liye
Example: MS Word, Excel

Customized Software: Kisi organisation ke liye specially design kiya gaya
Example: Banking Software